An examination of best practices for mine site reclamation: an investigation of Ontario's recent environmental assessment cases where reclamation is expected

Mining can have significant public health and environmental consequences such as deforestation, waste rock deposition, and toxic mine effluents. Standards for reclamation of Ontario mine sites are not clear as there is no received model. A strong policy framework is essential to develop a mine closure system that protects the environment. An Environmental Assessment is the first stage for reclamation investigation. By setting standards for reclamation, projects that complete an Environmental Assessment will be better prepared to meet environmental protection objectives. Based on determined objectives, the best practice for mine site reclamations must include: restoration of soils, systematic revegetation, reclamation of water and wildlife restoration through habitat formation. Based on the results, Ontario is ahead of the provinces evaluated for environmental reclamation. None of the countries reviewed have a firm policy on reclamation. The results demonstrate a high number of reclamation components not being evaluated at the environmental assessment level.