Cool transformations: Dale Smith reviews Birth of the Cool: Beat, Bebop, and the American Avant-Garde by Lewis MacAdams [Book review]

[para. 1]: "By the time I was born in the late 1960s the term “cool” already stood for the quiet defiance and restrained desire that marked it for earlier generations who frequented jazz clubs and taverns like Birdland in New York City. Growing up outside Dallas, Texas, I didn’t know about Bebop or even the Beats, but that didn’t matter. The idea of “cool” had been filtered, extending far beyond its early contexts in jazz circles of the ’40s and ’50s. Cool for me was a given, a statement and testament of oneself."